African Journal of Malaria and Tropical Diseases

African Journal of Malaria and Tropical Diseases ISSN 4123-0981 Vol. 7 (4), pp. 001-003, April, 2019. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

The prevalence of malaria infection in pregnant women living in a suburb of Lagos, Nigeria

Raimi, O. G.^1,2* and Kanu, C. P.²

¹Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Scotland, DD1 5EH, United Kingdom.

²Tropical Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Lagos State University, PMB 1087, Apapa, Lagos, Nigeria.

Accepted 12 February, 2019

Abstract

Malaria during pregnancy continues to be a major health problem in endemic countries with clinical consequences including death of both mother and child. In Nigeria, statistics shows that as many as 300,000 lives especially those of children and pregnant women are lost annually to malaria. This study was aimed at assessing the prevalence of malaria among pregnant women living in Ojo Local Council, a suburb of Lagos Nigeria, which is characterized by unstable transmission of malaria. 50 pregnant women attending the antenatal clinic of the popular saint Anthony Hospital and Maternity Home in Ojo Local Government Area of Lagos were recruited for this study. This study was carried out from April 2009 to September 2009 (period of high malaria transmission). The result showed that malaria infection was prevalent during pregnancy. A total of 26 (52%) of the pregnant women were positive to and showed symptoms of malaria while 24 (48%) were negative and showed no symptoms of malaria. Primigravidae were more susceptible to the parasite especially Plasmodium falciparum with mean parasite density of 2112.50 ± 420.90 (parasite/ml) than the multigravidas with parasite density 446.70 ± 296.90 (parasite/ml). The results showed the prevalence of malaria infection especially P. falciparum infection in pregnant women living in the area and that the younger women were more at risk. Malaria should therefore be recognized as a global priority in health care more so in pregnancy.

Key words: Malaria, pregnancy, prevalence, Lagos.

African Journal of Malaria and Tropical Diseases ISSN 4123-0981 Vol. 7 (4), pp. 001-008, April, 2019. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Allele and genotype frequencies of cytochrome P450 2B6 and 2C19 genetic polymorphisms in the Nigerian populations: Possible implication on anti-retroviral and anti-malarial therapy

Benjamin U. Ebeshi^1,2*, Oluseye O. Bolaji¹ and Collen M. Masimirembwa³

¹Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria.

²Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Niger Delta University, Wilberforce Island, Bayelsa State, Nigeria.

³African Institute of Biomedical Science and Technology (AiBST), Harare, Zimbabwe.

Accepted 07 January, 2019

Abstract

The study was carried out to investigate the distribution of polymorphic CY2B6 and CYP2C19 alleles and genotype frequencies in the three major Nigeria ethnic groups in order to evaluate their implications on therapeutic outcome. Three hundred unrelated subjects from the three major Nigerian ethnic groups of Hausa, Ibo and Yoruba who consented to the study were genotyped for CYP2B6*6, CYP2C19*2 and *3 alleles using polymerase chain reaction/restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR/RFLP) and DNA sequencing techniques. The frequencies of the CYP2B6*6 poor metabolizer (PM) genotype (15631G>T (Q172H) and/or 18053A>G (K262R) were not significantly different (p>0.05) occurring at 21% in Hausa, 17% in Ibo and 17% in Yoruba while the corresponding allele frequencies were 42, 36, and 42%, respectively. The frequencies of the CYP2C19 PM genotype (CYP2C19*2/*2) were significantly different (p>0.05) and found to be 2.1% in Hausa, 8% in Ibo, and 0% in Yoruba, while for the intermediate metabolizer (IM) genotype (CYP2C19*1/*2), the frequencies were 20.6, 41.6 and 20.8%, respectively. The defective CYP2C19*3 allele, prevalent in oriental populations, was not detected in this study. The CYP2B6*6 ALLELE frequency was being evaluated for the first time in Nigerian populations with no significant variation amongst the three major ethnic groups but occurs at a high frequency. The PM genotype of frequency, CYP2C19*2/*2 showed significant variations in Nigerian populations, especially the 8% found in the Ibos.

Key words: Genetic polymorphisms, CYP2B6, CY2C19, genotyping, Nigerian populations.

African Journal of Malaria and Tropical Diseases ISSN 4123-0981 Vol. 7 (4), pp. 001-006, April, 2019. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Physico-chemical characteristics of Anopheles breeding sites: Impact on fecundity and progeny development

I.O. Oyewole¹*, O.O. Momoh¹, G.N. Anyasor¹, A.A. Ogunnowo ¹, C.A. Ibidapo², O.A. Oduola³, J.B.Obansa³ and T.S. Awolola⁴

¹Babcock University Ilisan Remo, Nigeria.

²Lagos State University, Lagos, Nigeria.

³University of Lagos, Nigeria.

⁴The Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria.

Accepted 13 January, 2019

Abstract

Mosquitoes exploit almost all types of aquatic habitats for breeding. Prevailing physicochemical parameters in these habitats are important factors for survival and development of mosquito. Here, six water samples from Atlantic Ocean, River, well, distilled (control), rain and borehole water were used to culture Anopheline eggs collected from pure bred of Kisimu species. The development of eggs to 1^st, 2^nd, 3^rd and 4^th instars larval, pupal and adult stages were observed from day 1 to 6 using six replicates of each water sample. The number of eggs laid (fecundity) by the emerged adults were estimated using counting microscope. Level of development in emerged adults was determined using the wing size. The analysis of the physicochemical parameters of the water samples was carried out in the Nigerian Institute of Marine and Oceanography. The physicochemical characteristics were compared with the rates of development and fecundity of the Anopheline species. Statistical analysis using ANOVA indicates no significant difference (P > 0.05) in the hatchability of the eggs. However, the rates of larval development to pupal stage and subsequent adult emergence showed a level of significant difference (P < 0.05). Also, wing length for determining adult size showed no significant difference (P > 0.05). This study provides information on mosquito ecology in relation to breeding habitat which may have bearing on vector population and distribution as well as malaria transmission in a particular area.

Key words: Malaria, Anopheles mosquitoes, breeding habitat, physico-chemical properties.

African Journal of Malaria and Tropical Diseases ISSN 4123-0981 Vol. 7 (3), pp. 001-003, March, 2019. © International Scholars Journals

Editorial

Changing the malaria environment 

African Journal of Malaria and Tropical Diseases ISSN 4123-0981 Vol. 7 (3), pp. 001-004, March, 2019. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research paper

Cerebral malaria among children from central Sudan and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 mutation

Mohammed S. Zaroog¹, Ahmed EL Tahir^2,3*, Adil Mergani³, ELfatih Hashim⁴, Mohamed Gumma⁵, Bella Awadelseed⁴, Ali Babkier Haboor³ and Nase ELdin M. A. Elwali³

¹Department of Biochemistry, Applied Medical Science, University of Gezira, Sudan.

^2,3Faculty of Medicine, King Fahad Medical City, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

³Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Molecular Biology and Oncology, University of Gezira, Sudan

⁴Faculty of Medicine, University of Sinnar, Sudan

⁵Singa Hospital, Ministry of Health, Sudan.

Accepted 03 January, 2019

Abstract

The study was carried out to investigate the distribution of cerebral malaria in central region and to identify ICAM-1 alleles and genotypes frequency in Sudanese population in the region. Fifty children with cerebral malaria and 50 age- and sex-matched healthy controls with no history of cerebral malaria were enrolled in the study. The highest incidencts of cerebral malaria were found between the ages of 4– 8 years. From 10 different tribal stocks, 28% of incidents belongs to the Johayna tribe in the western region of central Sudan. The incidence of cerebral malaria in this study is influenced by geographical, age, and ethnic factors with no gender variation. From this study four (8%) of study subjects died, 4 (8%) survived with neurological sequelae and 42 (84%) were discharged alive and healthy after treatment regimen. The use of allele specific PCR (ASP) for genetic analysis in this study, indicated incidence of the heterozygous form (K29/M29) is 26% in cerebral malaria patients and 12% in the control group, while only one (2%) mutant homozygous (M29/M29) was detected in cerebral malaria patients group. All subjects who carried mutant allele (heterozygous and homozygous mutant) had 3 times susceptibility to cerebral malaria than the other group, (P-value= 0.038, Odd Ratio = 2.5; 95% CI 1.011 - 6.181). The incidence of ICAM-1^kilifi allele frequency in the study group was 11%, and this may increase the risk for susceptibility to cerebral malaria in Sudanese children inhabiting in these regions.

Key words: ICAM-1; cerebral malaria; children; central Sudan.

African Journal of Malaria and Tropical Diseases ISSN 4123-0981 Vol. 7 (3), pp. 001-002, March, 2019. © International Scholars Journals 

Editorial

Artemisinin resistant malaria on the horizon